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Once results are extracted from a staged construction analysis using the incremental and filter by load type options, the envelope and extreme effect options can be used to specify how the results will be combined in a combination.

Envelope[Yes/No]: If the "Envelope" option is set to "Yes," the component will find the critical case from the cases specified in the "Cases and Factors" column. However, if only one result case is defined in this column, selecting "Yes" or "No" for the envelope will not affect the results. For example, when dealing with temperature loads, there are usually two cases to consider: expansion and contraction. The user has the option to add these cases to single result extraction case and choose the envelope as "Yes." Another scenario to take into account is the deck pouring sequence, which may consist of multiple stages. Some of these stages might have a maximum bending moment greater than the final stage. To consider those maximum values, the user can combine all deck pouring stages into a single result extraction case and select the envelope option as "Yes" to identify and utilize the critical one. You can observe both examples in the screenshot below.

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If the "Envelope" option is set to "No," the linear result combinations will operate by summing the results of multiple cases specified in the "Cases and Factors" column. Factors can be applied to the cases to achieve a weighted linear combination, but it is recommended to increase the loads according to the factors defined in AASHTO under limit states part. These factors should only be used if any increase needs to be made to compute the unfactored loads, such as including splice and other steel girder attachments by increasing the dead load by 5 percent. However, if only one result case is defined in this column, selecting "Yes" or "No" for the envelope will not affect the results.

Extreme Effects(Transient Loads)[Yes/No]: Selecting this option will exclude

Note
For each 'construction stage,' the user can choose only one load type. Applying different load types in a single stage is not possible. OpenBrIM does not automatically assign load types to stages; it uses whatever load type the user selects at each construction stage.

2.Filter By Load Type[None/Dead Load/Imposed Dead ….]: Since different load types may exist in a particular stage, narrowing down the results by load type may be necessary. If the "Filter By Load Type" option is set to "None," the component will extract the incremental or cumulative results from the selected stage without filtering them by load types. However, if it is set to "Dead Load," the component will extract only the incremental or cumulative dead load results and exclude other load types, such as imposed dead or wearing surface loads, from the selected stage. This option filters the results by load type, making it crucial to correctly assign load types to the stages for accurate result extraction.

For example, consider a structure that has been loaded in four stages. In the first stage, a dead load is applied; in the second stage, an additional dead load is applied; in the third stage, an imposed dead load is added; and in the fourth stage, a wearing surface load is applied.

If you set the 'Filter By Load Type' option to 'None' and choose 'Cumulative,' and then select the fourth stage, the results will show the combined effect of all the loads (dead loads from stages one and two, imposed dead load from stage three, and wearing surface load from stage four) up to and including the fourth stage.

Now, if you select the fourth stage and filter by 'Dead Load,' the results will display the cumulative effect of the dead loads applied across the first and second stages while excluding the imposed dead load and wearing surface load. This means that although the imposed dead load and wearing surface load are present in the third and fourth stages, they won’t be reflected in the filtered results. Instead, you will see only the cumulative impact of the dead loads from the first and second stages up to the final stage.

This filtering process allows you to specifically get the cumulative effect of the dead loads over multiple stages, even when other load types are applied in subsequent stages.

Please check the table below to understand the effect of filtering by load types on the extraction, with numbers.

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Once results are extracted from a staged construction analysis using the incremental and filter by load type options, the Transient / Permanent Loads and Combination Method columns can be used to further define the combination of results.

3.Transient/Permanent Loads [Transient/Permanent]: For permanent loads, this column’s input should be set to ‘Permanent’. However, for transient loads, such as temperature effects, the option ‘Transient’ should be used.
Selecting this option as ‘Transient’ will neglect the selected result case from the combination if its value in the enveloped column is positive results for minimums minimum envelopes or negative results for maximums. It is recommended to select "No" for permanent loads(Dead, Wearing Surface…) and "Yes" for transient loads(Temperature, Wind on Structure, Wind on Live, Live Load, Braking, Centrifugal…). Choosing EE=Yes maximum envelopes. For example, if a live load produces a positive moment in a beam, and the ‘Transient’ setting is applied, this result could be excluded from the minimum moment combination.

Note
Choosing ‘Transient’ for permanent loads may lead to incorrect results

since

, as the result may be excluded from the maximum or minimum calculations.

4.Stages | Factors: By clicking the three dots and selecting 'Edit,' another spreadsheet opens, allowing the user to determine the stage(s) that will be used in the extraction cases. Additionally, factors to modify the FEA results can be defined.

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Note
Additional points to consider when defining result extraction cases for live loads(LL), braking loads(BR), centrifugal loads(CE), wind load on structure(WS), and wind load on live load(WL) When the user employs influence surface-based definitions for live

load

loads (LL), braking (BR), and centrifugal (CE) loads, stages are used for influence surface coefficient calculations

,

but not for specific live load cases. Defining result extraction cases by selecting these stages will yield incorrect results, showing zero forces.

So the user should use the cases defined under live load cases,

The Live Load Case library component automatically generates the result extraction case. Users can then navigate to the limit state section and assign these cases directly. Therefore, defining Live Load Cases as seen in the

figure

screenshot below

, for result extraction purposes

is sufficient for assigning them to limit states. If the user employs WS - WL AASHTO for wind load on the structure and wind load on live load, there is no need to define additional result extraction cases. The library component automatically generates the result extraction cases by enveloping them for each limit state. Users can then navigate to the limit state section and assign these cases directly.

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5.Combination Method[Linear/Envelope(Critical)]: This option can only be selected when two or more stages are involved in the ‘Stages Factors’ column. If multiple stages are involved, you can set this to either "Envelope (Critical)" or "Linear."

If the "Envelope (Critical)" option is selected, the component will find the critical case from the cases specified in the "Stages and Factors" column for each extracted result.

Example:

Suppose you are analyzing a structure with multiple stations along its length, each subjected to various loading conditions.

• At Station 10, Case 1 might produce the highest bending moment, making it the critical case for bending moment at that location.

• At Station 20, however, Case 2 might generate the highest axial force, making it the critical case for axial force at that station.

• Furthermore, within the same station:

  • Case 1 could be critical for axial force.

  • Case 2 could be critical for bending moment.

When the "Envelope (Critical)" option is selected, the component automatically determines the most critical case for each result type (e.g., bending moment, axial force) at each station. This ensures that the most significant effects are captured and used in the combinations, regardless of which case produces them.

Consider the following scenarios:

• Temperature Loads: Typically, temperature loads involve two cases—expansion and contraction. The user can add these cases to a single result extraction case and choose the "Envelope" option as "Yes" to find the critical case.

• Deck Pouring Sequence for Constructability Checks: The deck pouring process may consist of multiple stages, with some stages exhibiting a maximum bending moment greater than that of the final stage. To capture these maximum values, the user can combine all deck pouring stages into a single result extraction case and select the "Envelope" option as "Yes" to determine and utilize the critical stage.

Important Note: If you are combining deck pouring results with live load cases for strength and serviceability checks, choosing the envelope option for each deck pouring stage is not appropriate. You should choose the final deck pouring stage for these checks. The envelope option is more suited for constructability checks, such as those involving wind loads.

Both examples are illustrated in the screenshot below.

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If the "Combination Method" is set to "Linear," the linear result combinations will operate by summing the results of multiple cases specified in the "Stages Factors" column. Factors can be applied to the cases to achieve a weighted linear combination, but it is recommended to increase the loads according to the factors defined in AASHTO under the Limit States section. These factors should only be used if any increase is needed to compute the unfactored loads.