End Diaphragm
Diaphragm Location [Start/End]: End diaphragms can be defined at the start or end of the girder. The options provided can be used for defining this parameter.
Connected Girders: Select all the girders for which an end diaphragm is defined.
Depth: The total vertical depth of the diaphragm can be specified using this parameter.
Additional Overhang Length Transverse Dir. Left: The cantilever length for the diaphragm on the left side, when looking upstation along the PGL, can be specified using this parameter. This distance is measured from the web of the girder.
Additional Overhang Length Transverse Dir. Right: The cantilever length for the diaphragm on the right side, when looking upstation along the PGL, can be specified using this parameter. This distance is measured from the web of the girder.
Thickness (Downstation w.r.t Support Line): The thickness (downstation) of the end diaphragm is measured from the support line where the girders are connected.
Thickness (Upstation w.r.t Support Line): The thickness (upstation) of the end diaphragm is measured from the support line where the girders are connected.
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User The user can define skew values for end diaphragms. However, if the defined Support Line support line is at the start of the girder unit or at the end of the girder unit, Start Skew or End Skew the start or end skew values are automatically assigned to the Support Line’s support line’s skew value, respectively. |
Material: The material of the diaphragm can be specified using this parameter. A previously defined material from the Properties > Materials section can be assigned, or a material can be imported.
FEM
Cap Connection[Yes/No]: When selected as 'yes,' additional beam elements are created between the midpoint of the end diaphragm and the pier cap, and they behave as a unit. Otherwise, the bearing connection will transfer the forces.
As seen in the figure, the cap connection still exists between the girder and pier cap through the bearing
As shown in the figure below, there is an additional rigid beam between the cap and the end diaphragm.
Cap Connection Type[Rigid/Pin]: If the Cap connection option is set to 'yes,' we offer two types of connections: rigid and pin connections. The pin connection is suitable when the forces only transfer to the pier cap without sufficient reinforcement. This behavior(pin) is achieved by using beam end releases. If there is sufficient reinforcement connecting the pier cap to the diaphragm, the rigid connection can be selected to guarantee that the concrete block moves together during rotation.